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Contents
Acids and Their Properties
Definition: Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water, giving solutions a sour taste.
Properties of Acids:
- Sour in taste.
- Turn blue litmus red.
- Conduct electricity in aqueous solutions.
- React with metals to release hydrogen gas.
- React with bases to form salt and water.
Types of Acids:
- Strong Acids: HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃ (completely ionize in water).
- Weak Acids: CH₃COOH (partially ionize in water).
Examples of Acids in Daily Life:
- Citrus fruits (lemon, orange) contain citric acid.
- Vinegar contains acetic acid.
Bases and Their Properties
Definition: Bases are substances that release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water and feel slippery.
Properties of Bases:
- Bitter in taste.
- Turn red litmus blue.
- Slippery to touch.
- React with acids to form salt and water.
Types of Bases:
- Strong Bases: NaOH, KOH (completely ionize in water).
- Weak Bases: NH₄OH (partially ionize in water).
Examples of Bases in Daily Life:
- Soap and detergents contain basic substances.
- Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is a mild base.
pH Scale and Universal Indicator
pH Scale: Measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14.
Acidic Solutions: pH < 7
Neutral Solutions: pH = 7
Basic Solutions: pH > 7
Universal Indicator:
- A mixture of indicators that shows different colors at different pH levels, used to determine the pH of a solution.
Salts and Their Preparation
Definition: Salts are formed when acids react with bases, metal oxides, or metal carbonates, resulting in a neutralization reaction.
Types of Salts:
- Neutral Salts: NaCl (formed from strong acid + strong base)
- Acidic Salts: NH₄Cl (formed from strong acid + weak base)
- Basic Salts: CH₃COONa (formed from weak acid + strong base)
Methods of Salt Preparation:
- Neutralization Reaction: Acid + Base → Salt + Water
- Reaction with Metal: Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
- Reaction with Carbonate/Bicarbonate: Acid + Carbonate → Salt + CO₂ + H₂O
Importance of pH in Daily Life
- Human Body: Blood pH ~7.4, critical for body functions.
- Plants: Soil pH affects crop growth.
- Stomach: Gastric juice has a pH of around 1.2, aiding digestion.
- Tooth Decay: Bacteria produce acids, lowering mouth pH; brushing helps maintain pH.
Common Salt and Its Compounds
Common Salt (NaCl): Essential in daily life, used in food and as a raw material for various chemicals.
Compounds of Common Salt:
- Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): Used in soaps and detergents.
- Bleaching Powder (CaOCl₂): Used for disinfection and bleaching.
- Baking Soda (NaHCO₃): Used in baking as a leavening agent.
- Washing Soda (Na₂CO₃·10H₂O): Used in laundry and cleaning.
Water of Crystallization
Definition: Water molecules that are chemically bound within crystals of salts.
Example:
Copper Sulfate (CuSO₄·5H₂O): Contains 5 molecules of water of crystallization, giving it a blue color.
Heating Effect:
Heating hydrated salts removes the water of crystallization, changing their color and form.
Class 10 Acid, Bases, and Salts Notes Pdf
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